FMGE, NEET-PG, Free Live Test
Q1. Which of the following is not a level of prevention?
(a) Primary prevention
(b) Secondary prevention
(c) Tertiary prevention
(d) Quaternary prevention
Solution: Quaternary prevention is not recognized as a distinct level of prevention. The three recognized levels of prevention are primary prevention, which aims to prevent the occurrence of disease; secondary prevention, which focuses on early detection and treatment of disease; and tertiary prevention, which aims to reduce the impact of a disease and prevent complications or disability.
Q2. Which of the following study designs is most appropriate for investigating the etiology of a disease?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Randomized controlled trial
Solution: Cohort studies are most appropriate for investigating the etiology of a disease. They involve following a group of individuals over time and measuring exposure and outcome variables. This design allows for the examination of the temporal relationship between exposure and disease development and can provide evidence of causality.
Q3. In a case-control study, cases are selected based on:
(a) Presence of the disease
(b) Absence of the disease
(c) Exposure to a risk factor
(d) Age and gender
Solution: In a case-control study, cases are selected based on the presence of the disease. Controls, on the other hand, are selected without the disease or with a different outcome of interest. This design allows for the comparison of exposures between cases and controls to assess the association between exposure and disease.
Q4. A study is conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking in a population at a specific point in time. Which study design would be most appropriate?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Experimental study
Solution: Cross-sectional studies are most appropriate for determining the prevalence of a condition or exposure in a population at a specific point in time. They involve collecting data from a representative sample of the population and assessing the prevalence of the condition or exposure of interest. It provides a snapshot of the population’s health status and can be used to generate hypotheses for further research.
Q5. The gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a new treatment is:
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Randomized controlled trial
Solution: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a new treatment. RCTs involve randomly assigning participants to either an experimental group receiving the new treatment or a control group receiving a standard treatment or placebo. This design allows for the comparison of outcomes between the groups while minimizing bias and confounding factors.
Q6. Which of the following study designs is most appropriate for studying the natural history of a disease?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Ecological study
Solution: Cohort studies are most appropriate for studying the natural history of a disease. They involve following a group of individuals over time and measuring exposure and outcome variables. By observing the progression of the disease in the cohort, researchers can understand the natural course of the disease, identify risk factors, and determine prognosis.
Q7. In a cohort study, which of the following is a key characteristic of the study participants?
(a) They are selected based on the presence of the disease.
(b) They are selected based on a specific exposure.
(c) They are randomly assigned to different groups.
(d) They are not representative of the general population.
Solution: In a cohort study, the participants are selected based on a specific exposure. They are followed over time to determine the occurrence of the outcome of interest. The exposure can be a risk factor or a protective factor, and the study aims to assess the association between the exposure and the outcome.
Q8. Which of the following is a disadvantage of case-control studies?
(a) They are expensive and time-consuming.
(b) They cannot establish causality.
(c) They require a large sample size.
(d) They are prone to selection bias.
Solution: One of the main disadvantages of case-control studies is that they cannot establish causality. While they are useful for studying associations between exposures and outcomes, they cannot provide definitive evidence of causation. Case-control studies are retrospective in nature and rely on the recall of past exposures, which may introduce bias. However, they can generate hypotheses for further research.
Q9. Which study design is most suitable for investigating rare diseases or outcomes?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Ecological study
Solution: Case-control studies are most suitable for investigating rare diseases or outcomes. By selecting cases with the rare disease and appropriate controls, researchers can efficiently study the association between the disease and potential risk factors. Case-control studies are particularly useful when the disease or outcome of interest is rare, as it would be challenging to gather a sufficient number of cases in a cohort study.
Q10. Which study design is used to study the effect of an intervention or treatment on a population?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Randomized controlled trial
Solution: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the study design used to study the effect of an intervention or treatment on a population. RCTs involve randomly assigning participants to either an experimental group receiving the intervention or a control group receiving a placebo or standard treatment. This design allows for the evaluation of the causal relationship between the intervention and the outcome of interest.
Q11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a prospective cohort study?
(a) Participants are selected based on the presence of the disease.
(b) It is conducted over a short period of time.
(c) Exposure and outcome data are collected simultaneously.
(d) It allows for the calculation of incidence rates.
Solution: A prospective cohort study involves following a group of individuals over time to assess the relationship between exposure and outcome. It allows for the calculation of incidence rates because participants are initially free of the disease or outcome of interest. Exposure and outcome data are collected over the course of the study, and it provides valuable information on the temporal relationship between exposure and disease development.
Q12. Which study design is best suited for investigating rare exposures?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Ecological study
Solution: Case-control studies are best suited for investigating rare exposures. By selecting cases with the exposure of interest and appropriate controls, researchers can efficiently study the association between the exposure and the outcome. Case-control studies are particularly useful when the exposure is rare, as it would be challenging to gather a sufficient number of exposed individuals in a cohort study.
Q13. Which of the following statements is true regarding a cross-sectional study?
(a) It assesses the relationship between exposure and outcome over time.
(b) It is useful for establishing causality.
(c) It provides information on the prevalence of a condition at a specific point in time.
(d) It requires a large sample size.
Solution: A cross-sectional study provides information on the prevalence of a condition or exposure at a specific point in time. It involves collecting data from a representative sample of the population at a single time point. While it can identify associations between exposure and outcome, it cannot establish causality as it does not assess the relationship over time.
Q14. Which study design is most appropriate for studying the effectiveness of a screening test?
(a) Cohort study
(b) Case-control study
(c) Cross-sectional study
(d) Randomized controlled trial
Solution: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the most appropriate study design for studying the effectiveness of a screening test. RCTs involve randomly assigning participants to either a group that receives the screening test or a control group that does not. By comparing the outcomes between the two groups, the effectiveness of the screening test can be assessed in a controlled manner.
Q15. Which of the following is a key characteristic of an ecological study?
(a) Individual-level data are collected.
(b) It allows for the determination of temporal relationships.
(c) It provides information on the association between exposure and outcome.
(d) It is based on group-level data.
Solution: An ecological study is based on group-level data rather than individual-level data. It examines the association between exposure and outcome variables at the population level, often using aggregated data. While it can provide information on the association, it cannot establish individual-level relationships or determine temporal relationships.
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