NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14 – Statistics

Exercise 14.1 Page: 270

1. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness program, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.

Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?

Solution:

In order to find the mean value, we will use direct method because the numerical value of f_i and x_i are small.

Find the midpoint of the given interval using the formula.

Midpoint (x_i) = (upper limit + lower limit)/2

The formula to find the mean is:

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_i x_i /∑f_i 

= 162/20

= 8.1

Therefore, the mean number of plants per house is 8.1

2. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.

Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method.

Solution:

Find the midpoint of the given interval using the formula.

Midpoint (x_i) = (upper limit + lower limit)/2

In this case, the value of mid-point (x_i) is very large, so let us assume the mean value, A = 150 and class interval is h = 20.

So, u_i = (x_i – A)/h = u_i  = (x_i – 150)/20

Substitute and find the values as follows:

So, the formula to find out the mean is:

Mean = x̄ = A + h∑f_iu_i /∑f_i =150 + (20 × -12/50) = 150 – 4.8 = 145.20

Thus, mean daily wage of the workers = Rs. 145.20

3. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The mean pocket allowance is Rs 18. Find the missing frequency f.

Solution:

To find out the missing frequency, use the mean formula.

Here, the value of mid-point (x_i)  mean x̄ = 18

The mean formula is

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_ix_i /∑f_i = (752+20f)/(44+f)

Now substitute the values and equate to find the missing frequency (f)

⇒ 18 = (752+20f)/(44+f)

⇒ 18(44+f) = (752+20f)

⇒ 792+18f = 752+20f

⇒ 792+18f = 752+20f

⇒ 792 – 752 = 20f – 18f

⇒ 40 = 2f

⇒ f = 20

So, the missing frequency, f = 20.

4. Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart beats per minute were recorded and summarized as follows. Find the mean heart beats per minute for these women, choosing a suitable method.

Solution:

From the given data, let us assume the mean as A = 75.5

x_i = (Upper limit + Lower limit)/2

Class size (h) = 3

Now, find the u_i and f_iu_i as follows:

Mean = x̄ = A + h∑f_iu_i /∑f_i 

= 75.5 + 3×(4/30)

= 75.5 + 4/10

= 75.5 + 0.4

= 75.9

Therefore, the mean heart beats per minute for these women is 75.9

5. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These boxes contained varying number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of mangoes according to the number of boxes.

Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding the mean did you choose?

Solution:

Since, the given data is not continuous so we add 0.5 to the upper limit and subtract 0.45 from the lower limit as the gap between two intervals are 1

Here, assumed mean (A) = 57

Class size (h) = 3

Here, the step deviation is used because the frequency values are big.

The formula to find out the Mean is:

Mean = x̄ = A +h ∑f_id_i /∑f_i 

= 57 + 3(75/400)

= 57 + 0.1875

= 57.19

Therefore, the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box is 57.19

6. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality. Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.

Solution:

Find the midpoint of the given interval using the formula.

Midpoint (x_i) = (upper limit + lower limit)/2

Let is assume the mean (A) = 225

Class size (h) = 50

Mean = x̄ = A +h∑f_iu_i /∑f_i

 = 225+50(-7/25)

= 225-14

= 211

Therefore, the mean daily expenditure on food is 211

7. To find out the concentration of SO₂ in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), the data was collected for 30 localities in a certain city and is presented below:

Find the mean concentration of SO₂ in the air.

Solution:

To find out the mean, first find the midpoint of the given frequencies as follows:

The formula to find out the mean is

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_ix_i /∑f_i

= 2.96/30

= 0.099 ppm

Therefore, the mean concentration of SO₂ in air is 0.099 ppm.

8. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole
term. Find the mean number of days a student was absent.

Solution:

Find the midpoint of the given interval using the formula.

Midpoint (x_i) = (upper limit + lower limit)/2

The mean formula is,

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_ix_i /∑f_i

= 499/40

= 12.48 days

Therefore, the mean number of days a student was absent = 12.48.

9. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean
literacy rate.

Solution:

Find the midpoint of the given interval using the formula.

Midpoint (x_i) = (upper limit + lower limit)/2

In this case, the value of mid-point (x_i) is very large, so let us assume the mean value, A = 70 and class interval is h = 10.

So, u_i = (x_i-A)/h = u_i = (x_i-70)/10

Substitute and find the values as follows:

So, Mean = x̄ = A+(∑f_iu_i /∑f_i)×h

= 70+(-2/35)×10

= 69.42

Therefore, the mean literacy part = 69.42

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Exercise 14.2 Page: 275

1. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:

Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two
measures of central tendency.

Solution:

To find out the modal class, let us the consider the class interval with high frequency

Here, the greatest frequency = 23, so the modal class = 35 – 45,

l = 35,

class width (h) = 10,

f_m = 23,

f₁ = 21 and f₂ = 14

The formula to find the mode is

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values in the formula, we get

Mode = 35+[(23-21)/(46-21-14)]×10

Mode = 35+(20/11) = 35+1.8

Mode = 36.8 year

So the mode of the given data = 36.8 year

Calculation of Mean:

First find the midpoint using the formula, x_i = (upper limit +lower limit)/2

The mean formula is

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_ix_i /∑f_i

= 2830/80

= 35.37 years

Therefore, the mean of the given data = 35.37 years

2. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225
electrical components:

Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.

Solution:

From the given data the modal class is 60–80.

l = 60,

The frequencies are:

f_m = 61, f₁ = 52, f₂ = 38 and h = 20

The formula to find the mode is

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values in the formula, we get

Mode =60+[(61-52)/(122-52-38)]×20

Mode = 60+((9 x 20)/32)

Mode = 60+(45/8) = 60+ 5.625

Therefore, modal lifetime of the components = 65.625 hours.

3. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure of 200
families of a village. Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families. Also, find the
mean monthly expenditure:

Solution:

Given data:

Modal class = 1500-2000,

l = 1500,

Frequencies:

f_m = 40 f₁ = 24, f₂ = 33 and

h = 500

Mode formula:

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values in the formula, we get

Mode =1500+[(40-24)/(80-24-33)]×500

Mode = 1500+((16×500)/23)

Mode = 1500+(8000/23) = 1500 + 347.83

Therefore, modal monthly expenditure of the families = Rupees 1847.83

Calculation for mean:

First find the midpoint using the formula, x_i =(upper limit +lower limit)/2

Let us assume a mean, A be 2750

The formula to calculate the mean,

Mean = x̄ = a +(∑f_iu_i /∑f_i)×h

Substitute the values in the given formula

= 2750+(-35/200)×500

= 2750-87.50

= 2662.50

So, the mean monthly expenditure of the families = Rupees 2662.50

4. The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher-student ratio in higher secondary schools of India. Find the mode and mean of this data. Interpret the two measures

Solution:

Given data:

Modal class = 30 – 35,

l = 30,

Class width (h) = 5,

f_m = 10, f₁ = 9 and f₂ = 3

Mode Formula:

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values in the given formula

Mode = 30+((10-9)/(20-9-3))×5

Mode = 30+(5/8) = 30+0.625

Mode = 30.625

Therefore, the mode of the given data = 30.625

Calculation of mean:

Find the midpoint using the formula, x_i =(upper limit +lower limit)/2

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_ix_i /∑f_i

= 1022.5/35

= 29.2

Therefore, mean = 29.2

5. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the world in one- day international cricket matches.

Find the mode of the data.

Solution:

Given data:

Modal class = 4000 – 5000,

l = 4000,

class width (h) = 1000,

f_m = 18, f₁ = 4 and f₂ = 9

Mode Formula:

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values

Mode = 4000+((18-4)/(36-4-9))×1000

Mode = 4000+(14000/23) = 4000+608.695

Mode = 4608.695

Mode = 4608.7 (approximately)

Thus, the mode of the given data is 4608.7 runs

6. A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3 minutes and summarized it in the table given below. Find the mode of the data:

Solution:

Given Data:

Modal class = 40 – 50, l = 40,

Class width (h) = 10, f_m = 20, f₁ = 12 and f₂ = 11

Mode = l+ [(f_m-f₁)/(2f_m-f₁-f₂)]×h

Substitute the values

Mode = 40+((20-12)/(40-12-11))×10

Mode = 40 + (80/17) = 40 + 4.7 = 44.7

Thus, the mode of the given data is 44.7 cars

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Exercise 14.3 Page: 287

1. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of an electricity of 68 consumers in a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.

Solution:

Find the cumulative frequency of the given data as follows:

From the table, it is observed that, n = 68 and hence n/2=34

Hence, the median class is 125-145 with cumulative frequency = 42

Where, l = 125, n = 68, C_f = 22, f = 20, h = 20

Median is calculated as follows:

=125+((34−22)/20) × 20

=125+12 = 137

Therefore, median = 137

To calculate the mode:

Modal class = 125-145,

f₁=20, f₀=13, f₂=14 & h = 20

Mode formula:

Mode = l+ [(f₁-f₀)/(2f₁-f₀-f₂)]×h

Mode = 125 + ((20-13)/(40-13-14))×20

=125+(140/13)

=125+10.77

=135.77

Therefore, mode = 135.77

Calculate the Mean:

x̄ =a+h ∑f_iu_i/∑f_i =135+20(7/68)

Mean=137.05

In this case, mean, median and mode are more/less equal in this distribution.

2. If the median of a distribution given below is 28.5 then, find the value of x & y.

Solution:

Given data, n = 60

Median of the given data = 28.5

Where, n/2 = 30

Median class is 20 – 30 with a cumulative frequency = 25+x

Lower limit of median class, l = 20,

C_f = 5+x,

f = 20 & h = 10

Substitute the values

28.5=20+((30−5−x)/20) × 10

8.5 = (25 – x)/2

17 = 25-x

Therefore, x =8

Now, from cumulative frequency, we can identify the value of x + y as follows:

Since,

60=5+20+15+5+x+y

Now, substitute the value of x, to find y

60 = 5+20+15+5+8+y

y = 60-53

y = 7

Therefore, the value of x = 8 and y = 7.

3. The Life insurance agent found the following data for the distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to the persons whose age is 18 years onwards but less than the 60 years.

Solution:

Given data: n = 100 and n/2 = 50

Median class = 35-45

Then, l = 35, c_f = 45, f = 33 & h = 5

Median = 35+((50-45)/33) × 5

= 35 + (5/33)5

= 35.75

Therefore, the median age = 35.75 years.

4. The lengths of 40 leaves in a plant are measured correctly to the nearest millimeter, and the data obtained is represented as in the following table:

Find the median length of leaves.             

Solution:

Since the data are not continuous reduce 0.5 in the lower limit and add 0.5 in the upper limit.

So, the data obtained are:

n = 40 and n/2 = 20

Median class = 144.5-153.5

then, l = 144.5,

cf = 17, f = 12 & h = 9

Median = 144.5+((20-17)/12)×9

= 144.5+(9/4)

= 146.75 mm

Therefore, the median length of the leaves = 146.75 mm.

5. The following table gives the distribution of a life time of 400 neon lamps.

Find the median lifetime of a lamp.

Solution:

Data:

n = 400 &n/2 = 200

Median class = 3000 – 3500

Therefore, l = 3000, C_f = 130,

f = 86 & h = 500

Median = 3000 + ((200-130)/86) × 500

= 3000 + (35000/86)

= 3000 + 406.97

= 3406.97

Therefore, the median life time of the lamps = 3406.97 hours

6. In this 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the frequency distribution of the number of letters in English alphabets in the surnames was obtained as follows:

Determine the number of median letters in the surnames. Find the number of mean letters in the surnames and also, find the size of modal in the surnames.

Solution:

To calculate median:

Given:

n = 100 &n/2 = 50

Median class = 7-10

Therefore, l = 7, C_f = 36, f = 40 & h = 3

Median = 7+((50-36)/40) × 3

Median = 7+42/40

Median=8.05

Calculate the Mode:

Modal class = 7-10,

Where, l = 7, f₁ = 40, f₀ = 30, f₂ = 16 & h = 3

Mode = 7+((40-30)/(2×40-30-16)) × 3

= 7+(30/34)

= 7.88

Therefore mode = 7.88

Calculate the Mean:

Mean = x̄ = ∑f_i x_i /∑f_i 

Mean = 825/100 = 8.25

Therefore, mean = 8.25

7. The distributions of below give a weight of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of a student.

Solution:

Given: n = 30 and n/2= 15

Median class = 55-60

l = 55, C_f = 13, f = 6 & h = 5

Median = 55+((15-13)/6)×5

Median=55 + (10/6) = 55+1.666

Median =56.67

Therefore, the median weight of the students = 56.67

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Exercise 14.4 Page: 293

1. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers if a factory. Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and draw its ogive.

Solution

Convert the given distribution table to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and we get

From the table plot the points corresponding to the ordered pairs such as (120, 12), (140, 26), (160, 34), (180, 40) and (200, 50) on graph paper and the plotted points are joined to get a smooth curve and the obtained curve is known as less than type ogive curve

2.During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as follows:

Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from the graph and verify the result by using the formula.

Solution:

From the given data, to represent the table in the form of graph, choose the upper limits of the class intervals are in x-axis and frequencies on y-axis by choosing the convenient scale. Now plot the points corresponding to the ordered pairs given by (38, 0), (40, 3), (42, 5), (44, 9),(46, 14), (48, 28), (50, 32) and (52, 35) on a graph paper an join them to get a smooth curve. The curve obtained is known as less than type ogive.

Locate the point 17.5 on the y-axis and draw a line parallel to the x-axis cutting the curve at a point. From the point, draw a perpendicular line to the x-axis. The intersection point perpendicular to x-axis is the median of the given data. Now, to find the mode by making a table.

The class 46 – 48 has the maximum frequency, therefore, this is modal class

Here, l = 46, h = 2, f₁= 14, f₀= 5 and f₂ = 4

The mode formula is given as:

Now, Mode =

= 46 + 0.95 = 46.95

Thus, mode is verified.

3. The following tables gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village.

Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw its ogive.

Solution:

Converting the given distribution to a more than type distribution, we get

From the table obtained draw the ogive by plotting the corresponding points where the upper limits in x-axis and the frequencies obtained in the y-axis are (50, 100), (55, 98), (60, 90), (65, 78), (70, 54) and (75, 16) on

this graph paper. The graph obtained is known as more than type ogive curve.