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1. What are macromolecules? Give examples. Solution: Maxromolecules are the biomolecules that are formed by the polymerization of a huge number of micromolecules possessing higher molecular weight. Micromolecules are found in colloidal state in the intercellular fluid due to their insoluble nature. Protein is a macromolecule. 2. Illustrate a glycosidic, peptide and a phospho-diester bond. […]

1. Which of the following is not correct? (a) Robert Brown discovered the cell. (b) Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory. (c) Virchow explained that cells are formed from pre-existing cells. (d) A unicellular organism carries out its life activities within a single cell. Solution: The answer is (a) Robert Brown discovered the cell

1. Answer in one word or one line. (i) Give the common name of Periplanata americana. (ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm? (iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach? (iv) How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach? (v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules? Solution: i) American cockroach

Exercise Questions 1. State the location and function of different types of meristems. Solution: The location and function of different types of mersitems are as follows: Meristem Location Function 1. Apical meristem Root and shoot tips Forms primary tissue and increases the length of the plant 2. Intercalary meristem Above and below the stem nodes

Exercise Questions 1. What is meant by modification of root? What type of modification of root is found in the: (a) Banyan tree (b) Turnip (c) Mangrove trees Solution: In order to carry out some secondary functions or a specific adaptation, roots modify their structures – which can be its size, shape, or even normal

1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account? Solution Animals are classified based on common features such as the arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems. Without these common features it is very

1. What is the basis of classification of algae? Solution: Presence of pigments which imparts traditional color on algae is the main basis for the classification of algae. Name of the pigment Chlorophyll type Color imparted Chlorophyceae Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Green Phaeophyceae chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, fuxoxanthin Brown Rhodophyceae chlorophyll a and chlorophyll

1. Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time? Solution: Aristotle was the first person to introduce scientific classification. He used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals into two groups, those which had red blood and those that did not. Linnaeus

1. Why are living organisms classified? Solution: Earth consists of millions of organisms, and we might be knowing the plants and animals that reside near us by their local names. These local names would vary from place to place, even within a country. This would lead to confusion in identifying and studying specific species. Hence

Question 1: What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river. Answer: Domestic sewage is the waste originating from the kitchen, toilet, laundry, and other sources. It contains impurities such as suspended solid (sand, salt, clay), colloidal material (fecal matter, bacteria, plastic and cloth fiber), dissolved materials