NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology- Chapter 7 – Structural Organisation in Animals

1. Answer in one word or one line.

(i) Give the common name of Periplanata americana.

(ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?

(iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?

(iv) How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach?

(v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules?

Solution:

i) American cockroach

ii) 4 pairs of spermathecae are found in earthworm

iii) Two ovaries are found lying laterally around 2^nd to 6^th abdominal segments.

iv) 10 segments

v) Malpighian tubules are found at the junction of midgut and the hindgut of the alimentary canals of insects.

2. Answer the following:

(i) What is the function of nephridia?

(ii) How many types of nephridia are found in earthworm based on their location?

Solution:

i) Nephridia perform the function of excretion and osmoregulation in earthworms.

ii) Three types of nephridia are found in the earthworm based on their location they are:

• Septal nephridia present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that opens into the intestine.
• Integumentary nephridia are attached to the lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last that opens on the body surface.
• Pharyngeal nephridia is present as three paired tufts in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. 

3. Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive organs of an earthworm.

Solution:

The diagram of reproductive organs of an earthworm is as follows:

4. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal of a cockroach

Solution:

The diagram of alimentary canal of a cockroach is as follows:

5. Distinguish between the following:

(a) Prostomium and peristomium

(b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium

Solution:

a) Prostomium and peristomium

The differences are as follows:

b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium

6. What are the cellular components of blood?

Solution:

The cellular components of blood are – Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.

7. What are the following and where do you find them in animal body.

(a) Chondriocytes

(b) Axons

(c) Ciliated epithelium

Solution:

a) Chondriocytes are the cells of cartilage. Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands in adults. They are rounded, large and mature cells that are found occurring in clusters in the matrix of the cartilage.

b) An axon is a long slender projection of neuron or nerve cell. They are present throughout the body. They emerge from the cyton and are responsible to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body. They terminate in a group of branches known as terminal arborisations.

c) If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium. They are present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes. It comprises of fine vibratile cytoplasmic processes that are termed as cilia found on its free surface. This cilia is functional in trapping foreign substances and dust.

8. Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled diagrams

Solution:

Epithelial tissues are found lining the body surface forming a protective surface. These cells are densely packed with very little intercellular matrix.

Various types of epithelial tissues are:

i) Simple epithelium:

It is single layer of cells which functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes.

Based on the structural modifications of the cells, Simple epithelial cells are futher divided into 4 types:

• • Squamous epithelium

Simple epithelum made of single layer of flattened cell having irregular boundaries. Since their cells represent tiles of a floor, they are also referred to as pavement epithelium. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs. They are involved in excretion, protection, exchange of gases, secretion of coelomic fluid etc.

• • Cuboidal epithelium

Cuboidal epithelium is madeup of single layer of cube-like cells. They are commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys, and its primary functions are secretion and absorption of gamete formation.

• • Columnar epithelium

The columnar epithelium is made of single layer of tall and slender cells. They are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in secretion and absorption. The nuclei of these cells are elongated and found at different position. It aids in absorption and secretion.

• • Ciliated epithelium

If cuboidal or columnar epithelium has cilia then they are called as ciliated epithelium. They are present in the inner surface of hollow organs like fallopian tubes and bronchioles. Their function is to move particles in specific direction.

ii) Compound epithelim

The compound epithelium a layer of two or more cells with a protective function as it does in our skin. They are thick and strong compared to the simple epithelium as they comprise of two or more cell layers. It renders protection. They cover the dry skin surface, moist surface of the buccal cavity, inner lining of the ducts of pancreatic ducts and salivary ducts.

9. Distinguish between

(a) Simple epithelium and compound epithelium

(b) Cardiac muscle and striated muscle

(c) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

(d) Adipose and blood tissue

(e) Simple gland and compound gland

Solution:

a. Simple epithelium and compound epithelium

b. Cardiac muscle and striated muscle

c. Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

d. Adipose and blood tissue

e. Simple gland and compound gland

10. Mark the odd one in each series:

(a) Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon

(b) RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage

(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament

(d) Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae

(e) Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa

Solution:

1. The answer is neuron because it is not a connective tissue.
2. The answer is cartilage because it is not part of blood.
3. The answer is ligament because it is connective tissue, whereas the rest are glands.
4. The answer is antennae because the rest other are parts of cockroach’s stomach.
5. The answer is Protenema because it is thread-like chain of cells found in the life cycle of moss whereas others are theparts of segments of cockroach’s leg.

11. Match the terms in column I with those in column II:

Solution:

12. Mention briefly about the circulatory system of earthworm

Solution:

• The earthworm has a closed circular system which comprises of blood vessels, capillaries and heart.
• In earthworms, blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels as it is a closed circulatory system
• Contraction keeps blood circulating in one direction.
• Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. They produce blood cells, haemoglobin, that are dissolved in plasma of the blood.
• Blood cells and are phagocytic.
• Specilazied breathing system is absent hence the moist body surface helps in the respiratory exchange with their blood stream

13. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.

Solution:

The diagram is as below:

14. Mention the function of the following (a) Ureters in frog (b) Malpighian tubules (c) Body wall in earthworm

Solution:

1. Ureters in frog – Acts as urinogenital duct which carries urine and sperm in the male frog.
2. Malpighian tubules – Malpighian tubules are excretory organs in cockroaches.
3. Body wall in earthworm – Helps in movement and burrowing